Dual Enrollment Psychology (PSY 200) Final Practice Exam

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• What is negative reinforcement?
• Define internal validity and identify two threats.
• Which molecules act as chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and travel through the bloodstream to influence behavior, emotion, and bodily functions, typically slower but longer-lasting than neurotransmitters?
• What is the primary difference between correlational and experimental designs in terms of causality?
• Antisocial Personality Disorder is defined as?
• What is the function of the basilar membrane in hearing?
• Name the three main emotion theories: James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer two-factor model.
• Which of the following is an example of an anxiety disorder?
• Which is a facet commonly associated with Extraversion in the Big Five?
• Which statement describes retrieval in the Information Processing Model?
• Short-term memory capacity is approximately?
• Which statement is true about external locus of control?
• Autism Spectrum Disorder is best described as?
• Which term refers to a stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning?
• Type A behavior patterns are best described as
• Explain the difference between reliability and validity in psychological testing.
• What is replication in research, and why is it important?
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a disorder that develops after exposure to traumatic events.
• Distinguish a mood disorder from an anxiety disorder with an example.
• Which statement best describes Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
• What is learned helplessness?
• OCD is characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or behaviors performed to reduce anxiety.
• What is extinction vs spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
• The natural automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus is called?
• In Maslow's hierarchy, which statement about self-actualization is accurate?
• Which disorder involves fear of situations where escape might be difficult?
• What is negative punishment?
• Which lobe is primarily responsible for visual processing?
• What is the role of random assignment in experiments?
• Borderline Personality Disorder is best described by which feature?
• PTSD develops after exposure to traumatic events.
• What is the nature/nurture debate?
• Which statement accurately describes the trichromatic theory and its limitation?
• Which brain structure is primarily associated with forming new episodic memories?
• Which division of the nervous system controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat and digestion?
• Which memory system is primarily involved in tasks requiring holding and manipulating information for reasoning?
• Name two neurotransmitters and one main function each.
• What is psychology?
• What is the DSM-5 and its purpose?
• Which statement best describes internal locus of control?
• Shaping in operant conditioning is best described as?
• Explain the bystander effect and one factor that reduces it.
• What is a hypothesis?
• Which of the following is an example of a stimulant?
• What is positive punishment?
• Distinguish sensation from perception using an example.
• What is the junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released and received, enabling neural communication?
• How does behavioral therapy differ from psychodynamic therapy?
• What is the difference between statistical significance and practical significance?
• REM sleep is important for which processes?
• Autism Spectrum Disorder is best described as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction. Which option reflects this?
• What is the brief electrical charge that travels along a neuron when it fires, representing an all-or-none event?
• Which stage of sleep is characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes?
• An all-or-none neural response means that a neuron either fires at full strength or not at all.
• What are the three stages of the Information Processing Model?
• Which disorder is characterized by fear of social situations?
• Which statement best describes naturalistic observation?
• Substance Addiction is defined as?
• What is drive-reduction theory?
• Which neurotransmitter is most closely linked to mood regulation?
• Substance Addiction is defined as?
• What is critical thinking in psychology?
• What is positive reinforcement?
• Which of the following is NOT a Type A trait?
• Which two disorders are exemplars of psychotic disorders, and what is a core symptom?
• Which set correctly pairs Piaget's stages with a key milestone in each?
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder is defined as persistent, excessive worry about various aspects of life.
• What is cognitive-behavioral therapy and name one core technique?
• Which perspective emphasizes observable behavior and learning through environmental interactions, with a focus on conditioning over mental states?
• Which statement correctly contrasts neurotransmitters and hormones?
• What is correlational research?
• During the concrete operational stage, children typically demonstrate which ability?
• Which memory type is preserved in H.M., despite impairment in declarative memory?
• What is a conditioned stimulus?
• Which sleep stages are most associated with memory consolidation for different memory types?
• What are the core positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
• What is observational learning and who proposed it?
• Which perspective highlights human potential, free will, personal growth, and self-actualization?
• What best describes Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
• Which statement best describes psychodynamic therapy?
• Define retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia.
• Agoraphobia is fear of situations where escape might be difficult.
• What is naturalistic observation?
• Problem-focused coping is most closely associated with:
• Type B characteristics include
• In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, which milestone is typical?
• Conditioning is
• Implicit memories are memories formed without conscious effort, such as procedural skills and conditioned responses.
• What did Milgram's obedience study show, and one ethical concern raised?
• What is the HPA axis and its role in stress response?
• Which of the following is NOT typically a core symptom of psychotic disorders?
• Schizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder characterized by distorted thinking and perception.
• Narcolepsy is characterized by which of the following?
• Describe intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and give an example.
• REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?
• How does chronic stress affect the immune system?
• In operant conditioning, learning is defined as?
• Which statement correctly assigns function to the frontal lobe?
• Which statement best describes problem-focused coping?
• What is classical conditioning?
• What is a case study?
• Which reinforcement schedule delivers reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses?
• List four stages of sleep and a key characteristic of each.
• Which perspective emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind, childhood experiences, and internal conflicts on behavior?
• Declarative memory involves conscious recall of facts and events; nondeclarative memory includes skills and procedures.
• During the alarm stage of GAS, the body experiences what?
• Describe the three components of attitude (affect, behavior, cognition) and give an example.
• Explain neural plasticity and give an example in learning.
• What best describes archival research?
• Differentiate random sampling from random assignment and state why each matters.
• In the James-Lange theory, what sequence leads to emotion?
• Social Anxiety Disorder is intense fear and avoidance of social situations.
• Which of the following is an example of a mood disorder?
• Which statement best describes stimulants?
• Which statement best describes sensory memory?
• Major Depressive Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities.
• Which statement best differentiates sensation seeking from risk-taking, and what neural system underlies both?
• What is memory consolidation and how does sleep contribute to it?
• What is archival research?
• What is the difference between an action potential and neurotransmitter release at a synapse?
• Which reinforcement schedule delivers reinforcement after every response?
• Substance Abuse Disorder refers to what?
• Which statement describes a limitation of case studies?
• Which lobe is primarily involved in auditory processing and memory?
• Which statement best defines psychophysiological disorders?
• In classical conditioning, extinction refers to which phenomenon?
• In Pavlov's experiment, what serves as the neutral stimulus?
• What is a double-blind procedure?
• Define extinction in both classical and operant conditioning.
• In the modal model, which store holds information for long periods and is relatively permanent?
• Which statement best differentiates semantic memory and episodic memory?
• In fight-or-flight response, which system is activated?
• What is the conditioned response?
• What are the main attachment patterns identified in the strange situation?
• Substance Abuse Disorder is best described as?
• A test yields consistent results across administrations but does not measure the intended construct.
• Conservation is mastered in the concrete operational stage.
• What is the placebo effect and provide an example.
• What is dual processing?
• Name three major personality traits from the Big Five and one facet for each.
• Which disorder is defined as alternating periods of depression and mania?
• What is social facilitation and social loafing?
• Which statement about the relationship between correlation and causation is accurate?
• REM sleep is characterized by which of the following?
• What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?
• What is coping?
• What describes encoding specificity and retrieval cues?
• Which system consists of the brain and spinal cord and coordinates information processing throughout the body?
• What effect do strong social support networks have on stress?
• Which term describes a study that shows a relationship between two variables but does not manipulate them?
• A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear with physical symptoms.
• In an experiment, what is the role of the independent variable?
• Distinguish anterograde amnesia from retrograde amnesia with a classic case (H.M.).
• Describe the modal model of memory: sensory memory, short-term/working memory, and long-term memory.
• Learning is defined as
• Antisocial Personality Disorder is defined as?
• Borderline Personality Disorder is defined as?
• In what order do the three stages of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome occur?
• Emotion-focused coping is defined as:
• Which disorder is described as unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or behaviors performed to reduce anxiety?
• Compared to neural signals, hormonal signals generally have what characteristic?
• What is operant conditioning, and what is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
• Which statement best describes automatic processing?
• Stimulants are drugs that increase central nervous system activity. Which of the following is an example of a stimulant?
• Which component processes information and coordinates activity throughout the body?
• Which division of the autonomic nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes energy in stressful situations—the fight-or-flight response?
• Which schedule reinforces after a set number of responses?
• What best describes rods and cones functions?
• Specific phobias are intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations.
• Which disorder is characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania?
• Which reinforcement schedule delivers reinforcement after an unpredictable time period?
• Which term best describes a stimulus that does not naturally trigger a response?
• What is an operational definition, and why is it important?
• Which statement best describes short-term memory versus working memory?
• Explain the role of the amygdala in emotion processing.
• Which division of the autonomic nervous system promotes rest-and-digest functions and conserves energy?
• What is the Flynn effect?
• Which lobe is involved in sensory processing and spatial awareness?
• A finding can be statistically significant but have limited practical significance because the effect size is small. Which of the following is true?
• Explicit memories are memories of facts and experiences that require conscious effort to encode and can be consciously recalled; includes episodic and semantic memories.